Theories Of Crime Robbery - 1514 Words

Theories of Crime – Robbery Introduction Understanding patterns and motivation of crimes is important for solving the mysteries surrounding them. In this sense, theories can be used to explain crime phenomena and answer the questions involved. Through theory, important aspects surrounding a crime can be discovered. Therefore, understanding the patterns and motivations of crimes can be helpful towards preventing their occurrence. This paper focuses on robbery as a type of crime. The two theories that are applied to robbery, in this case, are strain theory and social disorganization theory. Robbery usually involves unlawful taking of property from an organization or an individual through use of force or threat of force. There may also be†¦show more content†¦The criminals, in this case, see engagement in robbery activities as a way of achieving their goals. Social Disorganization Theory The focus of this theory is on the association between social control, the neighborhood structure, and crime (Kubrin Weitzer, 2003). Social disorganization is the incapability of the community to solve significant problems and achieve common goals. The theory posits that residential mobility, poverty, ethnic heterogeneity, and weak social networks decrease the ability of the neighborhood to manage the behavior of people and hence the likelihood of crime is increased (Kubrin Weitzer, 2003). Therefore, the social and physical environments of neighborhoods can increase the chances robbery. Factors such as unemployment, vandalized buildings, and poverty can thus be used to explain the occurrence of robbery. When the robbery rates have increased in a neighborhood, an examination of the social and physical environment can yield answers to robbery patterns. Literature Review A study by Moon, Blurton, McCluskey (2008) sought to assess the effect of strains and perceived strains injustice on delinquency. According to the research, perceived injustice and recent strains on an individual have significant effects on delinquency. The researchers based their study on the Agnew’s Strain Theory. According to the theory, when strain is perceived as unjust and isShow MoreRelatedSocial Learning Theory : Social Theory936 Words   |  4 PagesSocial Learning Theory Social learning theory determines that an individual learn as they move along their cognitive process(Bandura,1963). Such person studied the context of social structure, interaction, and situation produces when committing a crime. Similarly as rational choice theory, they weight the cost and reward before conducting the crime, yet there has been a long period of time of learning for the individual with social learning theory. He or she is more likely to be exposed to a personRead MoreClassical Theory And Psychological Positivism1557 Words   |  7 Pagesconstantly evolving theories through the annals of Criminology. The modern crime depicted in the scenario portrays the dual aspects of both the offender as an individual and the offense of robbing a local convenience store. This scenario may be analysed through the two schools of Classical theory and Psychological Positivism, relating to the perpetual debate that has sparked the revisionist stream of criminological theories which has culminated in the conception and treatment of crime by the modern criminalRead MoreSociological Concepts848 Words   |  4 Pagesexamine sociological concepts and examples of how they apply in everyday life. Many people experience social problems on a personal level. For instance, this could be poverty, unemployment, poor health, alcohol abuse, family problems or committing crimes. When people hear about these individuals most of the time, they tend to think that it’s not their problems. They tend to blame these individuals for causing problems, and they believe it to be just. However, sociology takes a different perspectiveRead MoreCriminological Theories On The Crime Scene And Measure Characteristics Of Crimes, Victims, And Criminals1303 Words   |  6 Pages Criminological Theories YourFirstName YourLastName University title Criminological Theories Name (Institutional Affiliation) According to Sutherland Edward one of the many founding fathers of modern day criminology, we as learners are able to learn that criminology is a body of knowledge that regards crime as social phenomenon. In details, criminology entails processes such as breaking laws, making laws, and the reactions taken towards breaking of laws. When itRead MoreSocietal Factors Influence On Murder Rates Essay1353 Words   |  6 Pagespopulation, unemployment, robbery rate, income and education. This will allow for a better understanding of some of the root causes for deadly violent crimes in America, as well as the implementation of preventive measures aimed at fighting the problem in the future. Theory and Data In order to answer this project’s main, question a data set containing information regarding its main points of interest was obtained from the website statcrunch.com. The file holds information on various crime rates, employmentRead MoreWhy Law Abiding Citizens Should Care About The Treatment Of Criminals Essay1213 Words   |  5 Pageswill be narrowed down to focus on the role of policing as it pertains to social control through the labeling theory, deterrence effect of policing, and consequences of policing. Through these three aspects, evidence will be presented that will show a more favorable outcome for individuals within society to be concerned with the interactions among law enforcement and offenders. LABELING THEORY From the deviance course at Salem College it has been ascertained that policing is a form of social controlRead MoreCja 314 Crime Data Comparison Essay1627 Words   |  7 PagesSUBMITTED FOR GRADING, SO PLEASE DON’T PLAGIARIZE. Crime Data Comparison: Honolulu amp; New York NAME CJA 314 DATE PROF. Crime Data Comparison Crime is something that occurs throughout the world. To some people it is an incident that adds stress to one’s life, and to others, they see it as a way of life. Over the last years, different areas of the United States have been affected by crime. The Federal Bureau of Investigation Uniform Crime Report (UCR) Program is a nationwide program thatRead MoreWhat Is Street Robbery?945 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is Street Robbery? The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)’s Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program defines robbery as â€Å"the taking or attempting to take anything of value from the care, custody, or control of a person or persons by force or threat of force or violence and/or by putting the victim in fear (FBI, 2010).† Monk, Heinonen and Eck (2010) further displayed the five necessary characteristics of the street crime: 1. â€Å"the offender targets a victim; 2. the victim is a pedestrian and aRead MoreThe New York Police Department945 Words   |  4 Pagesbeginning of the 1990s, New York City was filled with violent crime. In the events of recent police shootings, citizens could not help but fear the possibility of the city going back to how it was during the 1990s and earlier violent era times. However, recent studies and reports have indicated that the city has never been as dangerous and violent as it was in earlier times. As by 2015, a modest decrease in the rate of serious reported crimes was noteworthy. Reports by the New York Police DepartmentRead MoreCity of God Analysis954 Words   |  4 Pagessociological theories of crime and deviance. Some of the major theories I noticed throughout the movie were the functionalist theory, including examples of relative depravation, as well as the interactionist theory, including differential association and labeling. There was also evidence of the conflict theory and the control theory throughout the film. The functionalist theory states that hard work leads to rewards, and when these rewards are not sufficient, deviance arises. Crime and deviance

Into The Depths Of A Black Hole Essay Paper Example For Students

Into The Depths Of A Black Hole Essay Paper Everyday we look out upon the night sky, wondering and dreaming ofwhat lies beyond our planet. The universe that we live in is so diverseand unique, and it interests us to learn about all the variance thatlies beyond our grasp. Within this marvel of wonders our universe holdsa mystery that is very difficult to understand because of the complicationsthat arise when trying to examine and explore the principles of space. That mystery happens to be that of the ever clandestine, black hole. This essay will hopefully give you the knowledge and understandingof the concepts, properties, and processes involved with the spacephenomenon of the black hole. It will describe how a black hole isgenerally formed, how it functions, and the effects it has on the universe. In order to understand what exactly a black hole is, we must firsttake a look at the basis for the cause of a black hole. All black holesare formed from the gravitational collapse of a star, usually having agreat, massive, core. A star is created when huge, gigantic, gas cloudsbind together due to attractive forces and form a hot core, combined fromall the energy of the two gas clouds. This energy produced is so greatwhen it first collides, that a nuclear reaction occurs and the gases withinthe star start to burn continuously. The Hydrogen gas is usually the firsttype of gas consumed in a star and then other gas elements such as Carbon,Oxygen, and Helium are consumed. This chain reaction fuels the star for millions or billions ofyears depending upon the amount of gases there are. The star manages to avoid collapsing at this point because of theequilibrium achieved by itself. The gravitational pull from the core ofthe star is equal to the gravitational pull of the gases forming a type oforbit, however when this equality is broken the star can go into severaldifferent stages. Usually if the star is small in mass, most of the gases will beconsumed while some of it escapes. This occurs because there is not atremendous gravitational pull upon those gases and therefore the starweakens and becomes smaller. It is then referred to as a White Dwarf. If the star was to have a larger mass however, then it may possiblySupernova, meaning that the nuclear fusion within the star simply goesout of control causing the star to explode. After exploding a fractionof the star is usually left (if it has not turned into pure gas) and thatfraction of the star is known as a neutron star. A black hole is one of the last option that a star may take. Ifthe core of the star is so massive (approximately 6-8 solar masses;one solar mass being equal to the suns mass) then it is most likely thatwhen the stars gases are almost consumed those gases will collapse inward,forced into the core by the gravitational force laid upon them. After a black hole is created, the gravitational force continuesto pull in space debris and other type of matters to help add to themass of the core, making the hole stronger and more powerful. Most black holes tend to be in a consistent spinning motion. This motion absorbs various matter and spins it within the ring (known asthe Event Horizon) that is formed around the black hole. The matter keepswithin the Event Horizon until it has spun into the centre where it isconcentrated within the core adding to the mass. Such spinning black holesare known as Kerr Black Holes. .u2746723ddff5ae22816d2b34dbdf4ac8 , .u2746723ddff5ae22816d2b34dbdf4ac8 .postImageUrl , .u2746723ddff5ae22816d2b34dbdf4ac8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2746723ddff5ae22816d2b34dbdf4ac8 , .u2746723ddff5ae22816d2b34dbdf4ac8:hover , .u2746723ddff5ae22816d2b34dbdf4ac8:visited , .u2746723ddff5ae22816d2b34dbdf4ac8:active { border:0!important; } .u2746723ddff5ae22816d2b34dbdf4ac8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2746723ddff5ae22816d2b34dbdf4ac8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2746723ddff5ae22816d2b34dbdf4ac8:active , .u2746723ddff5ae22816d2b34dbdf4ac8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2746723ddff5ae22816d2b34dbdf4ac8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2746723ddff5ae22816d2b34dbdf4ac8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2746723ddff5ae22816d2b34dbdf4ac8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2746723ddff5ae22816d2b34dbdf4ac8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2746723ddff5ae22816d2b34dbdf4ac8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2746723ddff5ae22816d2b34dbdf4ac8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2746723ddff5ae22816d2b34dbdf4ac8 .u2746723ddff5ae22816d2b34dbdf4ac8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2746723ddff5ae22816d2b34dbdf4ac8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Toad EssayMost black holes orbit around stars due to the fact that they oncewere a star, and this may cause some problems for the neighbouring stars. If a black hole gets powerful enough it may actually pull a star into itand disrupt the orbit of many other stars. The black hole could thengrow even stronger (from the stars mass) as to possibly absorb another. When a black hole absorbs a star, the star is first pulled into theErgosphere, which sweeps all the matter into the Event Horizon, named forits flat horizontal appearance and because this happens to be the placewhere mostly all the action within the black hole occurs. When the star ispassed on into the Event Horizon the light that the star endures is bentwithin the current and therefore cannot be seen in space. At this exactpoint in time, high amounts of radiation are given off, that with theproper equipment can be detected and seen as an image of a black hole. Through this technique astronomers now believe that they have found a blackhole known as Cygnus X1. This supposed black hole has a huge star orbitingaround it, therefore we assume there must be a black hole that it is inorbit with. The first scientists to really take an in depth look at black holesand the collapsing of stars, were a professor, Robert Oppenheimer and hisstudent Hartland Snyder, in the early nineteen hundreds. They concludedon the basis of Einsteins theory of relativity that if the speed of lightwas the utmost speed over any massive object, then nothing could escapea black hole once in its clutches. **(1)The name black hole was named such, because of the fact that lightcould not escape from the gravitational pull from the core, thus making theblack hole impossible for humans to see without using technologicaladvancements for measuring such things like radiation. The second part ofthe word was named hole due to the fact that the actual hole, is whereeverything is absorbed and where the centre core presides. This core isthe main part of the black hole where the mass is concentrated and appearspurely black on all readings even through the use of radiationdetection devices. Just recently a major discovery was found with the help of a deviceknown as The Hubble Telescope. This telescope has just recently foundwhat many astronomers believe to be a black hole, after being focused onan star orbiting empty space. Several picture were sent backto Earth from the telescope showing many computer enhanced pictures ofvarious radiation fluctuations and other diverse types of readings thatcould be read from the area in which the black hole is suspected to be in. Several diagrams were made showing how astronomers believe thatif somehow you were to survive through the centre of the black hole thatwere would be enough gravitational force to possible warp you to anotherend in the universe or possibly to another universe. The creative ideasthat can be hypothesized from this discovery are endless. Although our universe is filled with much unexplained, glorious,phenomenons, it is our duty to continue exploring them and to continuelearning, but in the process we must not take any of it for granted. As you have read, black holes are a major topic within our universeand they contain so much curiosity that they could possibly holdunlimited uses. Black holes are a sensation that astronomers arestill very puzzled with. It seems that as we get closer to solvingtheir existence and functions, we just end up with more and more questions. .u719e1fb9ffc21742297ac5c1ee7c9b5c , .u719e1fb9ffc21742297ac5c1ee7c9b5c .postImageUrl , .u719e1fb9ffc21742297ac5c1ee7c9b5c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u719e1fb9ffc21742297ac5c1ee7c9b5c , .u719e1fb9ffc21742297ac5c1ee7c9b5c:hover , .u719e1fb9ffc21742297ac5c1ee7c9b5c:visited , .u719e1fb9ffc21742297ac5c1ee7c9b5c:active { border:0!important; } .u719e1fb9ffc21742297ac5c1ee7c9b5c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u719e1fb9ffc21742297ac5c1ee7c9b5c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u719e1fb9ffc21742297ac5c1ee7c9b5c:active , .u719e1fb9ffc21742297ac5c1ee7c9b5c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u719e1fb9ffc21742297ac5c1ee7c9b5c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u719e1fb9ffc21742297ac5c1ee7c9b5c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u719e1fb9ffc21742297ac5c1ee7c9b5c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u719e1fb9ffc21742297ac5c1ee7c9b5c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u719e1fb9ffc21742297ac5c1ee7c9b5c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u719e1fb9ffc21742297ac5c1ee7c9b5c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u719e1fb9ffc21742297ac5c1ee7c9b5c .u719e1fb9ffc21742297ac5c1ee7c9b5c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u719e1fb9ffc21742297ac5c1ee7c9b5c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Pro Athletes Salaries EssayAlthough these questions just lead us into more and more unansweredproblems we seek and find refuge into them, dreaming that maybe one day,one far off distant day, we will understand all the conceptions and wewill be able to use the universe to our advantage and go where onlyour dreams could take us. Dave May 343 1992/12/04References For Into The Depths of a Black Hole**(1): Parker, Barry. Colliding Galaxies. PG#96

The peyote plant Essay Example For Students

The peyote plant Essay Drug use has always been a topic of controversy, especially when it pertains to religion. One particular drug that has been brought to the attention of the federal government is Peyote. Peyote is a drug that has been used by the Native Americans for thousands of years. This drug, Peyote which has caused much controversy over the years has recently been reconsidered for legal use. Probably the most famous New World hallucinogenic plant is Peyote,(Lophoproria willamsii), a small spineless cactus, native to the Rio Grande Valleyof Texas. Also in the northern and central parts of the Mexican Plateau Region. Another species (Lidiffuss) is native to the Mexican State of Quertono. The rounded, gray-green stem crown (top) is radially divided into sections, eachoffering a small meristematic region (called an areole) from which arises a tuft of hairs. The crown tapers into a thick carrot-like root that extends into the ground(Mescal Bean N. Pag.). There are many different chemicals in the Peyote cactus, the main one being mescaline. Mescaline, which can be made in a lab, was isolated in 1919, resembling epinephrine, the adrenal hormone (Peyote 1 Pag). We will write a custom essay on The peyote plant specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The Peyote cactus contains more than 50 different alkaloids, but the most active hallucinogen is mescaline. Mescaline has a chemical structure similar to the brainneurotransmitter dopamine (MescalBean N. Pag.). It is also structurally similar to the neurohormone norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and to the stimulant amphetamine. In the Peyote cactus, mescaline is formed in a complex path way from the Amino Acid tyrosine. Mescaline provides psychologic disorientation with brilliant, ever changing colors. Mescaline hallucinations produce audio visual affects, double personality, derealization (loss of sense of reality of environment) and depersonalization (shattered personality). Peyote was dried and eaten by Southwest Indians at religious services for sense of well being, hallucinations (visions) and trances (Peyote N. Pag.). Native Americans use this drug as part of their religious ceremonies. The users slice off and eat peyote crowns fresh or dried. Peyote buttons last years, swallowed whole or drunk in tea. According to Clairdone, large amounts of peyote can induce hallucinations, adherents say the quantities normally taken in religious rites bring on only an introspective mood that gives the user insight to the spiritual world. This is not something American Indians have made up in the past hundred years. Mescal Beans have been discovered in Indian sites dating before A.D. 1000, and from one site dating back to 1500 B.C. (Mescal Bean N. Pag.). Ever since the arrival of the first Europeans in the New World, Peyote has provoked controversy. Supression and persecution (Scnultes N. Pag.). Peyote, in its natural state is not a dangerous drug, however, synthetic peyote causes harmful side effects. According to the article Peyote 1 and magic Mushrooms, Synthetic peyote lowers blood pressure, depresses the central Nervous system and kills by respiratory failure. Since Peyote is a drug that produces hallucinogenic affects, the military reached an agreement with the Native American church to honor the use of peyote for Native Americans in the Military, except for those who operate nuclear weapons. Other restrictions were said to include a prohibition against the use of peyote on military vehicles, aircraft, or ships; a requirement to stop using the drug 24 hours before returning to active duty. According to Clairdone, Church sources said fears of hallucinogenic flashbacks that were raised by officials of the Strategic Air Command de layed formal implementation of the draft rules and raised bitter resentment among devout native Americans who use peyote as a sacrament. Individual states had made laws that honoredthe peyote ritual, but peyote was still considered an illegal drug. According to Guy Mount, in his article, Peyote and the Law, Three states have exempted peyote from controlled substance prohibitions, and do permit the Bona-Fide sacramental use of peyote by non-Indians who are members of an established church: these are New York, Arizona, and New Mexico. A recent decision by the Supreme Court of the United States (1990) makes it clear that we do not have a Constitutional right to use any controlled substance as a religious sacrament. Instead, each state has the right to pass laws which honor the peyote religion, or continue to suppress it. Peyote is significant to Native American religious rituals and has been approved by the government for that purpose. On the legal front, Native Americans are secure in their right to use peyote for religious purposes (Glazer N. Pag.). According to the article Peyote Bill Signed, President Clinton signed into law on Oct. 6 2000, that guarantees the right of Native Americans to possess, transport, and use peyote in the course of traditional religious ceremonies. The bill passed the Senate on September 27, and passed the house August 8 by a voice vote. The bill was introduced by congressman Bill Richardson (D-Wm) and garnered bi-partisan support as well as support from the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). .u7700ad1127d6bfb1aed2838672e414a5 , .u7700ad1127d6bfb1aed2838672e414a5 .postImageUrl , .u7700ad1127d6bfb1aed2838672e414a5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7700ad1127d6bfb1aed2838672e414a5 , .u7700ad1127d6bfb1aed2838672e414a5:hover , .u7700ad1127d6bfb1aed2838672e414a5:visited , .u7700ad1127d6bfb1aed2838672e414a5:active { border:0!important; } .u7700ad1127d6bfb1aed2838672e414a5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7700ad1127d6bfb1aed2838672e414a5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7700ad1127d6bfb1aed2838672e414a5:active , .u7700ad1127d6bfb1aed2838672e414a5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7700ad1127d6bfb1aed2838672e414a5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7700ad1127d6bfb1aed2838672e414a5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7700ad1127d6bfb1aed2838672e414a5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7700ad1127d6bfb1aed2838672e414a5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7700ad1127d6bfb1aed2838672e414a5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7700ad1127d6bfb1aed2838672e414a5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7700ad1127d6bfb1aed2838672e414a5 .u7700ad1127d6bfb1aed2838672e414a5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7700ad1127d6bfb1aed2838672e414a5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Tempest: Caliban Unjustly Punished EssayThe passing of H.R. Y230, a bill amending the American Indian Religious Freedom Act into U.S. law, states that no federal government can enforce a law restricting traditional religious use of peyote by a member of an Indian tribe,Recognized by the United States Government (Glazer N. Pag.). In the article Peyote Okd, Non-native Americans were prosecuted for participating in the peyote ritual, but were acquitted because of the first amendment rights. The case concerned two drug counselors who lost their jobs for using peyote during Native American church religious rites. The court ruled that by denying these men their jobless benefits, the state violated the mens First Amendment right to freely practice their religion. After many years of controversy over the use of the peyote cactus, the American Federal government had finally accepted the use of peyote by native Americans, and has created a federal law which protects the religious rights of the people of the native American church. The victory over the battle of the use of peyote for native Americans is a giant step in regaining their heritage from its degradation by the American government. The legalization of peyote proves that not all drug uses are bad. Reconsidering peyote for legal use opens the door to other drug s, which may have been overlooked and improperly categorized as dangerous or harmful substances. Bibliography:Works CitedClaiborne, William. Military, Indian Church Agree On Peyote Online Availablehttp://www.seattletimes.com/news/nation-wo/peyo_19990630.htm,May 16, 2000. Glazer, Mark. Peyote among Huichols and Native American Church Members. Online Available http://www.panam.edu/dept/psychanth/peyote.htm, May 16, 2000. Mount, Guy. Peyote and the Law. Online Available http://www.druglibrary.org/Schaffer/lsd/peylaw.htm, May 16, 2000. The Mescal Bean and The Peyote Cactus. Online Available http://daphne.palomar.edu/wayne/ww0703.htm#peyote, May 16, 2000. Peyote 1 and Magic Mushrooms Online Available http://www.geocities.com/capitolhill/lobby/5418/dd-peyote1.html, May 16, 2000. Peyote Bill Signed. Online Available http://ndsn.org/nov94/peyote.html, May 16, 2000. Peyote Okd in Indian Rites. Online Available http://www.ifas.org/fw/8901/peyote.html, May 16, 2000. Schultes, Richard E. and Albert Hoffman. The Tracks of Little Deer. Online Available http://www.peyote.org/, May 16, 2000.

Examples of Petrochemicals and Petroleum Products

Examples of Petrochemicals and Petroleum Products According to the American Heritage Dictionary, petroleum is a thick, flammable, yellow-to-black mixture of gaseous, liquid, and solid hydrocarbons that occurs naturally beneath the earths surface, can be separated into fractions including natural gas, gasoline, naphtha, kerosene, fuel, and lubricating oils, paraffin wax, and asphalt and is used as raw material for a wide variety of derivative products. In other words, petroleum is much more than oil, and it has an astounding array of uses. The Many Uses of Petrochemicals Petrochemicals are any products made from petroleum. Youre probably aware gasoline and plastic start out as petroleum, but petrochemicals are incredibly versatile and are incorporated into a huge range of products ranging from groceries to rocket fuel. The Primary Hydrocarbons Raw crude oil and natural gas are purified into a  relatively small number of hydrocarbons (combinations of hydrogen and carbon). These are used directly in manufacturing and transportation or act as feedstock  to make other chemicals. Methane: a greenhouse gas that can be used as fuel and is often included in rocket fuelEthylene: used to  make plastics and films, as well as detergents,  synthetic lubricants, and styrenes (used to make  protective packaging)Propylene: a colorless, odorless gas used for fuel and to make polypropylene, a versatile plastic polymer used to make products ranging from carpets to structural foamButanes: hydrocarbon gases that are generally used for fuel and in industryButadiene: used in the manufacture of synthetic rubbersBTX (benzene, toluene, xylene): benzene, toluene, and xylene are aromatic hydrocarbons.  A major part of gasoline, benzene is also used to make nylon fibers which, in turn, are used to make clothing, packaging, and many other products Medicine Petrochemicals play many roles in medicine because they are used to create resins, films, and plastics. Here are just a few examples: Phenol and Cumene are used to create a substance that is essential for manufacturing penicillin (an extremely important antibiotic) and aspirin.  Petrochemical resins are used to purify drugs, thus cutting costs and speeding the manufacturing process.Resins made from petrochemicals are used in the manufacture of drugs including treatments for AIDS, arthritis, and cancer.Plastics and resins made with petrochemicals are used to make devices such as artificial limbs and skin.Plastics are used to make a huge range of medical equipment including bottles, disposable syringes, and much more. Food Petrochemicals are used to make most food preservatives that keep food fresh on the shelf or in a can. In addition, youll find petrochemicals listed as ingredients in many chocolates and candies. Food colorings made with petrochemicals are used in a surprising number of products including chips, packaged foods, and canned or jarred foods. Agriculture More than a billion pounds of plastic, all made with petrochemicals, find use  annually in U.S. agriculture. The chemicals are used to make everything from plastic sheeting and mulch to pesticides and fertilizers. Plastics are also used to make twine, silage, and tubing. Petroleum fuels are also used to transport foods (which are, of course, stored in plastic containers).   Household Products Because it is used to make plastics, fibers, synthetic rubber, and films, petrochemicals are used in a bewildering array of household products. To name just a few: CarpetingCrayonsDetergentsDyesFertilizersMilk jugsPantyhosePerfumeSafety glassShampooSoft contact lensesWax

RADIATION AND IT'S BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS Research Paper

RADIATION AND IT'S BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS - Research Paper Example This paper discusses radiation and it narrows down to the biological effects of radiation. Introduction When a nucleus of an atom emits high-energy photons and particles such as gamma rays, this kind of radiation is referred to as nuclear radiation. X-rays behave in a similar way as they do gamma rays, although unlike gamma rays, they do not involve the nucleus. For this reason, in describing nuclear radiation and x-rays, the term ionizing radiation is used. While non-ionizing radiation is vital to life, excessive exposures cause tissue damage. All ionizing radiation forms have adequate energy to ionize atoms that may in return destabilize molecules within cells ensuing into tissue damage (Francis & Kirkpatrick, 538). Although radiation is useful biologically as aforementioned, for instance in the treatment of cancer due to its ability to destroy cancerous tissues, exposure of human tissue to higher energies associated with nuclear radiation has adverse biological effects – it causes severe damage to the tissues (McCall, 213). Whenever any radiation passes through a matter, it deposits energy along its path, which leads to ionization, increased temperatures, and atomic excitations. The ionization that radiation passing through living tissue causes can lead to the damage of organic molecules if the electrons are involved in molecular binding. In the event that there is the destruction of too many molecules in this manner or in the event that there is the damaging of DNA molecules, cells may either become cancerous or die (Francis & Kirkpatrick, 538). In addition to cancer induction, other biological effects include changes in the central nervous system, heritable effects, formation of cataract and early effects on body organs as well as their function (National Research Council Staff, 2). Deliberate exposure of living tissues to radiation therefore is something to be avoided unless it is utterly necessary. In fact, the World Congress on Medical Physics an d Biomedical Engineering 2009 documents that extreme care is not an option whenever radiation is used and the advantages of using radiation must always be greater than harm and risk from it (111). Radiations that are associated with nuclear explosions include gamma rays, neutrons, and to a much lesser extent, beta particles. During an explosion, most of the gammas and all the neutrons are essentially generated in fusion and fission reactions. The capture of neutrons in the surrounding air, water or earth as well as in the explosion-weapon debris generates additional gamma rays in addition to a large array of radioisotopes, which comprise the radioactive fallout. Normally, both gamma rays and neutrons are strongly absorbed all over the body thereby affecting all organs (Hafemeister, 5). Francis & Kirkpatrick point out that radiation’s outcome on people’s health is dependent on the amount of radiation that living tissue absorbs as well as the biological impacts linked wi th this absorption (538). To explain further, radiation’s harmful biological effects are attributable to destructive ionization generated within an exposed organism’s cell bodies. In animal tissues, both neutrons and gamma rays’ mean free paths are in the order of twenty centimeters, which is the range that inflicts maximum damage to the organism. In the event tha

Child abuse policies and services Research Paper

Child abuse policies and services - Research Paper Example The rest of this paper will focus on a basic description of child abuse, and specifically take a look at the law that governs it. While the legislation of this issue has improved over the years, further improvements are necessary as some children, such as minority groups and disabled children are still falling through the cracks. Child abuse is generally thought to be either one of or a combination of four different types: physical abuse, sexual abuse, physical neglect or general maltreatment (Cicchetti & Barnett, 1991 from Skowron & Reinemann, 2005). It was reported that in 2000, there were 879 000 victims of child abuse the USA alone (Skowron & Reinemann, 2005). In 2005, this number had risen to 900 000. Shockingly, 40% of victims received no follow up care in 2005 (APA Public Interest Government Relations Office, n.d.). In addition, in 2004, the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention reported that child abuse is the primary cause of death in children between the ages of 1 and 4 years (Skowron & Reinemann, 2005). In fact, approximately 1,530 children die of abuse or neglect each year (Keita, 2008). There are usually several common factors in child abuse and these include that the child is well-known to the abuser, most abusers tend to be men and in about 50% of cases of abuse, the family is receiving assistance from the government. In addition, many cases involve abusers who commonly abuse substances and some common characteristics of abusive parents usually include them being extremely stressed, have little knowledge of child development and few parenting skills (APA Public Interest Government Relations Office, n.d.). The long term effects of child abuse are many and some of the conditions that manifest later in life vary. These may include, but are not limited to, depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress, somatic complaints, suicidal tendencies, all of which are internalizing disorders.

The Principles of Plating Essay Example for Free

The Principles of Plating Essay There are no hard and fast rules to determine how a dish is to be plated, but there are standards and guidelines that have been proven to work. Balance is the key element to success in the creation of any dish and that element applies to many areas of the plating process as well. Achieving Balance: Proteins, Starches and Vegetables * One primary consideration when putting together a dish is nutritional balance. * It has long been stated that a nutritionally balanced plate contains a protein, a starch, and a vegetable. The old standard of protein, vegetable, and starch has been broken down further to emphasize lean cuts of meat, starches that are high in fiber, and vegetables that are prepared in a way that does not diminish their nutritive value. Recently, protein was believed to be the most important part of a dish and should therefore be the predominant componentmaking up 50 percent of the overall plate. Consider Taste and Texture * In plating, texture and taste are each important to consider. A well balanced dish might feature one main flavor, but that should be complemented by other flavors that are intended to accent and enhance. * Texture is another component to factor in and a well thought out dish has more than one texture. The multiple textures in a dish should play off of and enhance each other. Pretty Plating Pays Off * Visual appeal is another thing to consider. * A good chef envisions how a dish is going to be plated long before the food actually gets to the plate. Some chefs go so far as to make a sketch of a dish when they begin to conceptualize it, which assists them in determining what is needed to make a dish visually enticing. Important factors to consider, as follows: * How food is placed on the plate greatly influences how the dish is received by the diner. * A plate of food should look full and satisfying, but should never appear overflowing or sloppy. * Leaving a little bit of space between items helps a plate to look clean and uncluttered. * The spacing of the food, the height of various items on a plate can offer some nice visual appeal. Giant towers of food are overly contrived and impossible to navigate. * Flat, one dimensional plates are boring and offer little in the way of appeal. * The concept of balance comes into play and it might be a good idea to have certain items on a plate mounded higher or molded into shapes in order to offer contrast to other items the a plate. * When balance, based on nutrition; flavor; texture; and appearance is factored into the creation of a dish, you are presenting a plate of food that is appealing to the diner from all angles.